Efecto de Spirulina maxima sobre la memoria espacial en Rattus norvegicus var. albinus / Effect of Spirulina maxima on spatial memory in Rattus norvegicus var. albinus

RESUMEN Introducción: La memoria es un proceso fisiológico que se activa por estímulos externos, es necesaria para modificar la conducta, adaptación al medio y la diferenciación del modelo animal. Este proceso complejo que involucra no sólo a las redes sinápticas sino otros mecanismos neurofisiológicos, suele ser estimulado por algunos nutraceúticos. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de Spirulina maxima sobre la memoria espacial en Rattus norvegicus var. albinus Material y Métodos: Se desarrolló un diseño de estímulo creciente donde se ordenaron cuatro grupos con 5 ratas cada uno, se agruparon en grupos Tratamiento I, II y III; a los que se les dio por vía oral Spirulina maxima a diferentes concentraciones y el grupo testigo sin tratamiento, se valoró la memoria espacial en el laberinto acuático de Morris. Resultados: Las ratas presentaron un tiempo de latencia equivalente para desarrollar la fase de adquisición y de retención, se registraron tiempos promedio; al aplicar la dosis 200 y 400 mg/kg no varían los índices de aprendizaje entre sí; y ante la dosis de concentración más alta 800 mg/kg se observó una disminución leve del tiempo de latencia de la fase de adquisición. De acuerdo con la prueba ANOVA hubo poca diferencia. Conclusiones: Hubo efecto de la Spirulina maxima en la memoria espacial del sujeto experimental, evidenciable en la duración de la conducta motora en el laberinto acuático de Morris, a través de índices de aprendizaje los cuales presentaron modificación favorable.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Memory is a physiological process that is activated by external stimuli. It is necessary for behavior modification, adaptation to the environment, and differentiation in the animal model. This complex process that involves not only synaptic networks but other neurophysiological mechanisms, is usually stimulated by some nutraceuticals. Objective: To evaluate the effect of Spirulina maxima on spatial memory in Rattus norvegicus var. albinus. Material and Methods: An increasing stimulus design was developed. Four similar groups of 5 rats were arranged and grouped into treatment I, II and III groups which were given Spirulina maxima orally at different concentrations; the control group did not received treatment. Spatial memory was assessed using the Morris water maze. Results: The rats presented an equal latency time to develop the acquisition and the retention phases; average times were recorded; the learning rates did not differ from each other at doses of 200 and 400 mg / kg; at the highest concentration dose of 800 mg / kg, there was a slight decrease in the latency time during the acquisition phase. There was a slight difference according to the ANOVA test. Conclusions: There was an effect of Spirulina maxima on the spatial memory of the experimental subject, which was evident in the duration of the motor behavior in the Morris water maze through learning rates which presented a favorable modification.

Protección de la Spirulina maxima sobre la citotoxicidad de la hidroxiurea en células embrionarias de ratón / Protection of Spirulina maxima on cytotoxicity of hydroxyurea in mouse embryonic cells / Proteção de Spirulina maxima em citotoxicidade de hidroxiureia em células embrionárias de camundongo

La Spirulina maxima (SP) tiene efectos farmacológicos protectores por su contenido de ficobiliproteínas que están relacionados con su actividad antioxidante. La hidroxiurea (HU) es un fármaco antineoplásico, citotóxico y teratógeno que implica la inducción del estrés oxidativo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar si la SP y su extracto acuoso de proteína (SPE) protegen contra el efecto citotóxico de HU en cultivos celulares primarios a partir de embriones de ratón de once días. Los efectos de SP, SPE e HU sobre la viabilidad celular se determinaron por el ensayo de fluorescencia de resazurina en cultivos celulares de embriones completos de ratones de once días, de encéfalo y de brotes de extremidades anteriores. Se demostró que ni SP ni su extracto provocaron efectos citotóxicos en ninguna concentración ensayada, por lo que se aumentaba la viabilidad celular. Se encontró que las células expuestas a HU de embriones completos y encéfalo mostraron mayor toxicidad que las células de los miembros anteriores. La SP y el SPE protegieron contra la citotoxicidad de HU de una manera dependiente de la concentración hasta 48 h después de la exposición al fármaco. Este efecto podría ser adecuado para prevenir la muerte celular que deriva en un proceso teratogénico, atribuido a sus propiedades antioxidantes.

Spirulina maxima (SP) has protective pharmacological effects that are related to the antioxidant activity due to its phycobiliprotein content. Hydroxyurea (HU) is an antineoplastic, cytotoxic and teratogenic drug, which involves the induction of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to determine whether SP and its aqueous protein extract (SPE) protect against the cytotoxic effect of HU in primary cell cultures from mouse embryos. The effects of SP, SPE, and HU on cell viability were determined by resazurin fluorescence assay in whole embryo cell cultures, encephalon, and eleven-day-old forehead bud outbreaks. It was shown that neither SP nor its extract caused cytotoxic effects at any concentration tested, increasing cell viability. It was found that cells exposed to HU of whole embryos and encephalon showed higher toxicity than cells of the previous limbs. SP and SPE protected HU cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner up to 48 hours after exposure to the drug. This effect could be adequate to prevent cell death resulting in a teratogenic process attributed to its antioxidant properties.

Spirulina maxima (SP) tem efeitos farmacológicos protetores devido a seu conteúdo de ficobiliproteínas, que estão relacionadas com sua atividade antioxidante. A hidroxiureia (HU) é uma droga antineoplásica, citotóxica e teratogênica, que envolve a indução do estresse oxidativo. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a SP e seu extrato aquoso de proteína (SPE) protegem contra o efeito citotóxico da HU em culturas celulares primárias a partir de embriões de camundongo de onze dias. Os efeitos de SP, SPE e HU na viabilidade celular foram determinados pelo ensaio de fluorescência de resazurina em culturas celulares de embriões inteiros de camundongos de onze dias, de encéfalo e de surtos de extremidades anteriores. Demonstrou-se que nem a SP nem seu extrato causaram efeitos citotóxicos em qualquer concentração testada, aumentando a viabilidade celular. Verificou-se que as células expostas à HU de embriões completos e encéfalo mostraram maior toxicidade do que as células dos membros anteriores. SP e SPE protegem contra a citotoxicidade de HU de forma dependente da concentração até 48 h após a exposição ao medicamento. Esse efeito poderia ser adequado para prevenir a morte celular, que resulta em um processo teratogênico atribuído a suas propriedades antioxidantes.

Variation of Spirulina maxima biomass production in different depths of urea-used culture medium

Fewer studies have assessed the outdoor cultivation of Spirulina maxima compared with S. platensis, although the protein content of S. maxima is higher than S. platensis. Spirulina growth medium requires an increased amount of NaHCO3, Na2CO3, and NaNO3, which increases the production cost. Therefore, the current study used a low-cost but high-efficiency biomass production medium (Medium M-19) after testing 33 different media. The medium depth of 25 cm (group A) was sub-divided into A1 (50% cover with a black curtain (PolyMax, 12 oz ultra-blackout), A2 (25% cover), and A3 (no cover). Similarly the medium depths of 30 and 35 cm were categorized as groups B (B1, B2, and B3) and C (C1, C2, and C3), respectively, and the effects of depth and surface light availability on growth and biomass production were assessed. The highest biomass production was 2.05 g L-1 in group A2, which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in all other groups and sub-groups. Spirulina maxima died in B1 and C1 on the fifth day of culture. The biochemical composition of the biomass obtained from A2 cultures, including protein, carbohydrate, lipid, moisture, and ash, was 56.59%, 14.42%, 0.94%, 5.03%, and 23.02%, respectively. Therefore, S. maxima could be grown outdoors with the highest efficiency in urea-enriched medium at a 25-cm medium depth with 25% surface cover or uncovered.

Alleviation of metabolic abnormalities induced by excessive fructose administration in Wistar rats by Spirulina maxima.

Background & objectives: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia. Several natural products have been isolated and identified to restore the complications of diabetes. Spirulina maxima is naturally occurring fresh water cyanobacterium, enriched with proteins and essential nutrients. The aim of the study was to determine whether S. maxima could serve as a therapeutic agent to correct metabolic abnormalities induced by excessive fructose administration in Wistar rats. Methods: Oral administration of 10 per cent fructose solution to Wistar rats (n=5 in each group) for 30 days resulted in hyperglycaemia and hyperlipidaemia. Aqueous suspension of S. maxima (5 or 10%) was also administered orally once daily for 30 days. The therapeutic potential of the preparation with reference to metformin (500 mg/kg) was assessed by monitoring various biochemical parameters at 10 day intervals during the course of therapy and at the end of 30 days S. maxima administration. Results: Significant (P<0.001) reductions in blood glucose, lipid profile (triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL, VLDL) and liver function markers (SGPT and SGOT) were recorded along with elevated level of HDL-C at the end of 30 days therapy of 5 or 10 per cent S. maxima aquous extract. Co-administration of S. maxima extract (5 or 10% aqueous) with 10 per cent fructose solution offered a significant protection against fructose induced metabolic abnormalities in Wistar rats. Interpretation & Conclusions: The present findings showed that S. maxima exhibited anti-hyperglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidaemic and hepatoprotective activity in rats fed with fructose. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms.

Effects of Cultural Conditions on the Content of Intra-and Extracellular Polysaccharides in Spirulina Maxima / 中国海洋药物

This study revealed that the content of intra and extracellular polysaccharides may be related to the cultural conditions.With decreasing NaHCO 3 or NaNO 3 concentration,the content of intracellular polysaccharide was reduced,Reduction of NaNO 3 concentration still caused the rise of extracellular polysaccharides.The K 2HPO 4 or NaCl concentration also had an effect on the production of both intracellular and extracellular polysaccharides.When PH value of media maintained at 8.0,there was the highest content of intra and extracellular polysaccharides.The same high content also occurred after culture of nine days.In addition the content of intracellular polysaccharide was higher under continuous light than under the light/dark circle.

Effects of the inopolysaccharide from Spirulina maxima on tumor-bearing mice / 中国海洋药物

Objective To study the effects of the inopolysaccharide from Spirulina maxima (IPSⅡA) on tumor-bearing mice.Mothods The sarcoma 180(S 180) was transplanted in the abdominal cavity and armpit of mouse and then the survival time, the tumor weight, leukocyte count and the immunity index of the tumor-bearing mice treated with IPSⅡA were measured and compared with the control group. Results and ConclusionThe results showed that medication of IPS IIA ip in advance could obviously inhibit the tumor growth and prolong the survival time of the tumor-bearing mice.